In order to achieve Full Duplex (FD) communication, currently studied solutionsfor the commercial sector rely on advanced Self-Interferece Cancellation (SIC)techniques to remove the transmitted signal from the received one. This thesis expandsthe research of these techniques by evaluating their potential usage in militarycommunication scenarios where requirements and conditions are distinct,firstly, by identifying, categorizing and describing a set of previously proposedsic techniques and secondly, by performing a comprehensive simulation andanalysis of two suggested sic techniques as part of a FD transceiver. Though themajority of the considered SIC techniques was determined to be potentially implementablein military FD transceivers, some frequency-dependent techniquesand techniques prohibiting omnidirectional communication could not be used.The simulation and analysis of the two suggested SIC techniques show that undercertain conditions, such as limited transmission power and/or reflective environment,close to complete suppression could be realized even with high nonlineardistortion in the transmit chain.

As wireless communications is becoming an increasingly important part of ourevery day lives, the amount of transmitted data is constantly growing, creating ademand for ever-increasing data rates. One of the technologies used for boostingdata rates is carrier aggregation, which allows for wireless units to combine multipleconnections to the cellular network. However, there is a limited number ofpossible combinations defined, meaning that there is a need to search for the bestcombination in any given setup. This thesis introduces software capable of organizingthe defined combinations into tree structures, simplifying the search foroptimal combinations as well as allowing for visualizations of the connectionspossible. In the thesis, a proposed method of creating these trees is presented,together with suggestions on how to visualize important combination characteristics.Studies has also been made on different tree traversal algorithms, showingthat there is little need for searching through all possible combinations, but thata greedy approach has a high performance while substantially limiting the searchcomplexity.

With wireless signals, it is possible to send all kind of data through a communication system. Many companies today having problems implementing wireless communication system because of big areas and many obstacles that blocks the wireless signals. Recent releases of mesh network standards that has the main objective to provide a network over a large area. Toyota Material Handling Europe (TMHE) that develops and produce trucks is one company that wants to use this new network topology to get to the next level of communication.

TMHE is developing a new communication system between their trucks and the goal is to be independent of Wi-Fi and fixed structures in an industry. The aim is to establish communication through Bluetooth and create a mesh network between the trucks at a site. This kind of communication can create many new possibilities for new features, which can make the daily work easier.

The problem with obstacles and interferences is still a problem and TMHE created a thesis to research Bluetooth mesh networks to see if this kind of implementation is suitable for the environments that exists in an industry. This thesis research the architecture of a Bluetooth mesh network and different setups of a network and tests how it stands in an industry with many different surrounding.

When transmitting data from an aircraft being prepared at the apron (the area in front of the hangar) telemetry data is transmitted to ground personnel. The transmitted data is subject to severe distortion due to multipath propagation created by the surroundings, resulting in erroneous detection. By equalizing the signal using the Constant Modulus Algorithm a significant increase in detection performance has been observed, both in simulations and tests on collected data. The most sufficient parameters were chosen after testing a set of different parameter combinations on simulations with single delays. These parameters were then used to equalize simulated multipath as well as collected data. The results show that short delays with low power can be resolved without any equalizer. Longer delays with relatively low power can be resolved using the proposed equalizer but long delays with high power cannot be resolved by the equalizer at all. The thesis shows that it is worth investigating implementation of the equalizer.

In video transmission there is a need to compose a wide-band signal from a numberof narrow-band sub-signals. A flexible solution offers the possibility to place any narrow-band sub-signal anywhere in the wide-band signal, making better use of the frequency space of the wide-band signal. A multi-standard supportive solution will also consider the three standard bandwidths of digital and analog video transmissions, both terrestrial and cable (6; 7 and 8 MHz), in use today.

This thesis work will study the efficiency of a flexible aggregation solution, in terms of computational complexity and error vector magnitude (EVM). The solution uses oversampled complex modulated filter banks and inner channelizers, to reduce the total workload on the system.

Each sub-signal is channelized through an analysis filter bank and together all channelized sub-signals are aggregated through one synthesis filter bank to form the wide-band composite signal. The EVM between transmitted and received sub-signals are investigated for an increasing number of sub-signals.

The solution in this thesis work is performing good for the tested number of up to 100 narrow-band sub-signals. The result indicates that the multi-standard flexible aggregation solution is efficient for an increasing number of transmitted sub-signals.

The work is devoted in the development and the exploration of the capabilities of the state of art unlicensed 60GHz (V-Band) mm-wave band that has raised so much interest and attention from numerous companies and laboratories for implementing Multi-gigabit communications [17] and especially for the 5th generation of cellular network and wireless systems. Implementing a high wireless data transfer system requires a high bandwidth and the one around the 60GHz frequency turned out to be a very promising candidate [13]. In this thesis, different protocols were investigated and simulated on MATLAB and implemented on low-cost Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) in order to test its performance with different transmission protocols and systems and insure a robust communication system at the frequency band around 60GHz. Furthermore, the system was tested with a series of different binary sequences such as pseudo-random bi-nary sequences (PRBS-7, PRBS-15, PRBS-23 and PRBS-31) and a high data rate communication link also in the design. The link has been tested in the lab environment and two systems have successfully achieved a relatively low bit-error rate.

Narrowband Internet-of-Things (NB-IoT) is a new wireless technology designed to support cellular networks with wide coverage for a massive number of very cheap low power user devices. Studies have been initiated for deployment of NB-IoT in unlicensed frequency bands, some of which demand the use of a frequency-hopping scheme with a short channel dwell time. In order for a device to connect to a cell, it must synchronize well within the dwell time in order to decode the frequency-hopping pattern. Due to the significant path loss, the narrow bandwidth and the device characteristics, decreasing the synchronization time is a challenge. This thesis studies different methods to decrease the synchronization time for NB-IoT without increasing the demands on the user device. The study shows how artificial fast fading can be combined with denser reference signalling in order to achieve improvements to the cell acquisition and synchronization procedure sufficient for enabling unlicensed operation of NB-IoT.

The next generation of mobile networks (5G) is currently being standardized, and massive MIMO (Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output) is a strong candidate to be part of this standard. Other than providing higher data rates and lower latency, high accuracy positioning is also required. In this thesis, we evaluate the achievable performance of positioning using massive MIMO systems in open highway scenarios. Relevant theory from sensor array signal processing and Bayesian filtering is presented, and is used in a simulation environment on large antenna arrays representing massive MIMO base stations. Positioning is done by utilizing the uplink pilot reference signals, where the Direction of Arrival (DOA) of the pilot signal is estimated, and then used for position estimation. Estimation of the DOA is done by both a maximum-likelihood method and by using an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). A positioning error of less than 8 m is achieved with absolute certainty when the vehicle is less than 300 m from the base station. It is also concluded that this result could be improved by using more sophisticated filtering algorithms.

To enable wireless control of factories, such that sensor measurements can be sent wirelessly to an actuator, the probability to receive data correctly must be very high and the time it takes to the deliver the data from the sensor to the actuator must be very low. Earlier, these requirements have only been met by cables, but in the fifth generation mobile network this is one of the imagined use cases and work is undergoing to create a system capable of wireless control of factories. One of the problems in this scenario is when all data in a packet cannot be sent in one transmission while ensuring the very high probability of reception of the transmission. This thesis studies this problem in detail by proposing methods to cope with the problem and evaluating these methods in a simulator. The thesis shows that splitting the data into multiple segments and transmitting each at an even higher probability of reception is a good candidate, especially when there is time for a retransmission. When there is only one transmission available, a better candidate is to send the same packet twice. Even if the first packet cannot achieve the very high probability of reception, the combination of the first and second packet might be able to.

A radar works by radiating electromagnetic energy and detecting the reflected signal returned from the target. The nature of the reflected signal provides information about the target’s distance or speed. In this thesis, we will be using a UWB radar and a CW radar to help detect the presence and rough location of trapped survivors by detecting their motions. Range is estimated in the UWB radar using clutter removal with SVD and for the dual frequency CW Radar using STFT and median filtering. The effect of the algorithm parameters on their performance was analyzed. The performance of the implemented algorithms with regards to small motion detection, distance estimation and penetration capability was analyzed. Both systems are certainly capable of human detection and tracking.

Localization is one of the most interesting research areas in wireless networks. It is mostly used for tracking and monitoring applications such as traffic monitoring, search and rescue, navigation and so on. A good quality system can be defined from its accuracy when operating in severe interference environments that contaminate the signals and therefore reduce the system performance. The main issue for localization is channel propagation, e.g., line of sight or non-line of sight channel which should be studied in order to improve the system efficiency.

   In order to perform a localization, most algorithms use two steps: ranging and positioning. For ranging, the two popular techniques that are widely used for distance measurement are received signal strength (RSS) and time of arrival (TOA). RSS ranging technique uses the power of the received signals to identify the distance between a transmitter and a receiver. TOA ranging technique uses time of the signal traveling between a transmitter and a receiver to identify the distance, thus it requires synchronization. The measurements are processed by using a localization algorithm afterwards. However, these techniques suffer from multipath fading and other errors, so there always exists error in the estimated position.

   In this thesis, TOA ranging technique is used for different estimation methods. Simulation results are performed using MATLAB, while the real results are obtained from Pozyx indoor positioning platform. Several estimation algorithms comprising of maximum likelihood (ML), linearized least square (LLS), weighted centroid (WC), and fingerprinting (FP) are studied in detail. The testing area is indoor environment which is suitable for LOS, NLOS and combined situations. The measured data is then used for ranging and localization. We concentrate on comparing and discussing these results in this thesis.

By using existing radio network infrastructure, a user can be positioned even where GPS and other positioning technologies lack coverage. The LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP) supports user Reference Signal Time Difference (RSTD) reports based on the Time of Arrival (TOA) for a Positioning Reference Signal (PRS). In the current reporting format, only one RSTD for each base station is considered, but for indoor environments this is easily biased due to fading and multipath issues, resulting in a Non-Line of Sight (NLOS) bias. With a rich User Equipment (UE) feedback that can represent the multipath channel for each Base Station (BS), the positioning accuracy can be increased. This thesis develops and evaluates a UE reporting format representing multiple TDOA candidates, and a probabilistic positioning algorithm, in terms of positioning accuracy and amount of data reported. By modeling time measurements as Gaussian Mixture (GM), the time information can be compressed with arbitrary resolution and used in a Maximum-Likelihood (ML) estimation to find the position. Results were obtained through simulation in a radio network simulator and post-processing of simulation data in Matlab. The results suggest that several TOA candidates improve the positioning accuracy, but that the largest improvement comes from a noise based threshold by increasing LOS detectability reducing the NLOS bias, while suppressing noise. The results also suggest that the accuracy for the method can be further improved by combining multiple time measurement occasions.

The ability for base stations to be able to beam-form their signals, directing the signal energy to specific users, is a topic of research that has been heavily studied during the last decades. The beam-forming technique aims to increase the signal-to-interference-and-noise-ratio of the user and, consequently, increase the capacity and coverage of the communication system. One such method is the Differential Beam-Forming technique, that has been developed at Ericsson Research. In this version of beam-forming, the beams can be dynamically sharpened and widened when tracking a specific terminal, to try to optimize the signal energy sent to that terminal.

Beam-forming, however, makes the link-adaptation algorithm process substantially harder to perform. The reason for this is that the link-adaptation algorithm now has to take into account not only the changing radio environment, but also the changing transmit signal that is being beam-formed. Fortunately, since the beam-formed signal is known at the point of transmission, there should be a potential to utilize this knowledge to make the link-adaptation more efficient.

This thesis, investigates how the link-adaptation algorithm could be changed to perform better in beam-forming setups, as well as what information from the beam-forming algorithm that could be included and utilized in the link-adaptation algorithm. This is done by designing and investigating three new link-adaptation algorithms, in the context of Differential Beam-Forming in an LTE FDD system. The algorithms that has been designed are both of a beam-forming-aware and beam-forming-unaware character, meaning if the beam-forming information is utilized within the algorithm, or not. These algorithms have been simulated for different base station antenna array-sizes. Unfortunately, due to simulator restrictions, the terminals have been simulated in a stationary environment, which has proven to be a limiting factor for the results. However, the results still show that smarter beam-forming-aware link-adaptation could possibly be used to increase the performance of the link-adaptation when using beam-forming.

Massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) is a wireless communication technologythat usesa large number of antennas at the base station and servesmultiple terminals over the same time-frequency resource.This technique can achievehigher data rates than existing communication technology, which only serves one terminal per resource. That is why Massive MIMO is considered a promising candidate for 5G. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) can be used for transmitting information at different sub-channels. The cyclic prefix (CP) is a repetition of the last samples in a symbol, which is appended at the beginning of the symbol.It serves as a guard interval between consecutive symbols to avoid inter-symbol interference (ISI) and to make sub-channels orthogonal. In this thesis it is proposed to shorten the CP length in Massive MIMO. The shortening of the CP length will increase the effective spectral efficiency but also create additional interference. This trade-off is investigated. A simulation based study is performed to analyse the effective achievable rate of anuplink Massive MIMO system in a single-cell scenario when 10000 Gaussian symbols are transmitted.In the simulation, the number of sub-channels is 128. They are transmitted through a channel with 10 taps. With the classical CP length9samples and a massive MIMO base stationwith 50 antennas serving 3 terminals,the effective achievable rate was 3.863 bits/s/Hz. It was found thatthe effective achievable rate is maximized when the CP length is shortened to 6 samples; the effective achievable rate then became 4.112 bits/s/Hz.In the same system when 100 antennas are used, the corresponding effective achievable rates are 4.791 bits/s/Hz and 4.895 bits/s/Hz with an optimum CP lengthof5 samples. It is shown that the optimum CP length in Massive MIMO is not equal to the number of taps minus one which is the conventional choice. Yes, the CP is needed in Massive MIMO, but it can be shorter than conventionally.

Wireless technologies and networks are a part of our daily lives and we are surrounded by a constant stream of wireless signals. Unfortunately, there are a lot of limitations. At Toyota Material Handling Europe, future demands and expectations are raising but the technologies available today are not adapting fast enough. Indoor factory environments, moving network nodes and rapidly changing topologies are demanding situations. In this new Internet of Things day and age, transferring information in these challenging environments, the standard master and slave configuration is not enough.

This report looks at the specific challenges establishing a wireless communication link between trucks in an indoor factory and warehouse environment. There are many factors to consider. Antennas, noise, frequency bands, different network technologies, propagation and path loss modeling to mention a few.

Antennas and on-the-truck antenna positioning require design choices to be made. If we want to benefit from using high gain antennas, positioning is an important factor. Noise, in the highly congested 2.4 GHz band is a problem, especially considering safety critical applications. The license free ISM frequency bands have all different advantages in range, available communication protocols and amount of other technologies sharing the spectrum.

The Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, ZigBee and V2X technologies looked at, tailored to the particular case of a warehouse environment like the Toyota factory, and the final selection relates to potential use case scenarios. Prioritizing, scalability, ad hoc network topologies, low latencies and short connection times together with long range, the new V2X technology building upon the IEEE 802.11p standard stands out.

This report evaluates the IEEE 802.11p wireless standard running the ETSI ITS G5 V2X protocol in an indoor factory and warehouse environment. Thanks to Kapsch and their EVK-3300 V2X Evaluation Kit it was possible to evaluate transferring information between nodes, the PSR, and looking at how useful different path loss models are for estimating relative distances between trucks.

The usage of wireless technology has in the past decade vastly increased and it continues to do so as well. Because of this, we become more and more reliant on this considerably fragile technology. Wireless technology, which uses radio waves to transmit data from one point to another can easily be interfered by radio jammers. This thesis work is about the detection and classification of the interference that is produced by jammers over the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) air interface. A typical GSM jammer that can be found on the Internet is analyzed but also more advanced GSM jammers are analyzed. The GSM standard is analyzed to find vulnerabilities that a jammer can take advantage of. The result is an interference detector that can be used to detect and classify interference over the GSM networks. The detector is constructed with an Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) but is also portable to other software-defined radio (SDR) platforms.

Voice over IP (VoIP) is the group of techniques for delivering voice communications over Internet Protocol (IP) networks. It has mainly served as the possible substitution for regular PSTN over the last decades, but has recently gained an increased interest in various areas such as alarm applications and customer service. Acoustic echo is the situation were a distorted version of the sent signal is transmitted back to the sender, due to acoustic feedback between loudspeaker and microphone. There already exists several algorithms to solve this problem, and this thesis provides a study of the performance in relation to the computational complexity of the algorithms. This is in order to indicate which approaches are better suited for implementation in an embedded system, where resources are limited. During the thesis a number of algorithms were tested, including variations of the LMS algorithm, some other approaches utilizing the correlation between echo and signal, and the RLS algorithm. They were first tested in MATLAB, on speech signals recorded at Syntronic and distorted by adding echo, then tested by implementation in C, and run on speech signals recorded in a simulated VoIP system at Syntronic. The results were then evaluated in terms of efficiency and computational complexity.

The next generation of mobile telecommunication, 5G, will be specified in the near future. One of the proposed changes relative to the previous generation, 4G,is the inclusion of a new system control plane (SCP). The purpose of the SCP is to improve system scalability, forward compatibility, peak performance and to enable a higher degree of support for advanced antenna techniques. This is done by logically separating data transmitted explicitly from and to the user, the dynamic transmissions, from the broadcasted transmissions that remain constant regardless of user activity, the static transmissions, and by then redesigning the static part to make it more lean. This is expected to have several positive effects such as considerably more free resources, resulting in energy savings and potentially increased usage of MIMO. Knowing what effect the SCP has upon aspects such as random access is of importance when designing the solution that will go into the standard.

Simulations show that there is potential in the inclusion of the new SCP. While the simulated 5G candidate systems that include the SCP have an increased delay when running the random access procedure, some aspects of the procedure have been improved. The main differences relative to the simulated 4G system are the performance of the first message in the procedure, which increased, and the performance of the second message in the procedure, which decreased. The deficiencies found in the handling of the second message, however, can be alleviated by using a more proper algorithm and channel design than what was used in this study.

Sectorization is a well-established method of increasing the capacity of telecommunicationnetworks. With modern Active Antenna Systems (AAS) comes the abilityto change sectorization order dynamically, both in horizontal and vertical plane.The purpose of this thesis is to investigate when (and what type of) sectorizationis benficial. A theoretical analysis as well as simulations are performed in orderto determine which quantities to look at when making the decision to apply sectorization.Based on the conclusions from these investigations, a self-optimizingalgorithm that only turns on sectorization when it increases network performanceis developed and evaluated. It is shown that large gains can be achieved by onlyturning on sectorization when the right conditions are met. Further, we show thatadditional gains can be seen if antenna parameters such as downtilt and distributionof transmission power between sectors are set properly. Self-optimizingalgorithms for tuning of these parameters are developed and evaluated as well.NyckelordKeywords

In large warehouses, there are a lot of articles that needs do be kept track of. As the number of articles grows larger, the administrative complexity increases. Thus, a solution that automatically keeps track of the position of each article in real-time is of interest. That is, if an item in the warehouse is moved, no manual administration should be needed to know the new position of the item.

Radio detection and ranging (RADAR) is a ranging technique that doesn’t need to communicate with an object to find the distance to it, instead signals are sent and when they are reflected off the object and returned to the sender, the distance to the object may be calculated. However, you cannot tell two equally shaped objects apart purely based on RADAR techniques. There are many other techniques for ranging, sound navigation and ranging (SONAR) is another example, but they all lack the possibility of detecting the identity of the object.

So, in order to find a specific item’s position, some kind of  communication with the item is necessary. Radiofrequency identification (RFID) is a neat technology with which this is possible. An RFID reader can send radio signals out in the air, and objects that are in the vicinity of the reader and are tagged with an RFID tag can receive that signal and respond with it’s unique identification number. This way, the RFID reader can identify the RFID tagged object from a distance. There are also a variety of ways to approximate the distance between reader and tag. Unfortunately this is a rather difficult task, especially in indoor  environments.

There are already some existing products on the market that uses RFID for different kinds of positioning. In this thesis, the theory behind positioning, the fundamentals of RFID and different positioning solutions will be analysed and presented.

A number of tests were carried out with an RFID system within the ultra-high frequency (UHF) band, which is around 866 MHz. The test system only supported range estimation based on the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and the test results showed that narrowband RSSI measurements are highly disturbed by multipath propagation which make the overall positioning performance insufficient. Further analysis of time based range estimation techniques, such as time of arrival (TOA), time of flight (TOF) and time difference of arrival (TDOA), revealed that better positioning accuracy is possible, especially if ultra-wide bandwidth (UWB) is used.

Cognitive radio is an autonomous transceiver that is continuously sensing theongoing communication in its environment, it then starts the communication whenever it is appropriate. Therefore, cognitive radio helps improving the spectrum utilization of the overall communication system. However, without suitable spectrum sensing techniques, cognitive radio would fail. Hence, in this thesis we investigate and implement various spectrum sensing algorithms via software defined radio for both single antenna and multiple antenna cases. The main communi-cation scheme that we are using is OFDM. Moreover, both computer simulations and real-world measurements, have also been done for comparison and analysis ofthe detector’s performance. The detectors we are using are based on correlationfunction of the received signal and generalized likelihood ratio test with its eigen-value. The results from the simulations and measurements are then representedas probability of missed detection curves for different signal to noise ratios. Ourresults show that the performance of the generalized likelihood ratio test baseddetectors are at least 2 dB better than the correlation based detector in our mea-surement. Moreover, our simulations show that they are able to outperform thecorrelation function detector by more than 6 dB. Although, generalized likelihoodratio test based detectors seem to be better than the correlation function baseddetector, it requires more computational power which may limit its practical use.

Localization in wireless network sensors is an attractive research area nowadays. It is widely used in many applications e.g., indoor/outdoor asset tracking, intrusion detection, search-and-rescue, road traffic monitoring, and water quality monitoring. An accuracy and robustness to noise are important issues for localization which is needed to study and research to find the best solution. This thesis compares a ranging and localization techniques in indoor, urban and tunnel through a high performance ray-tracing simulator, Wireless InSiteR . Ranging techniques are based on two standard distance related measurement schemes e.g., RSS and TOA. A linearized least squares technique with reference node selection approach is chosen to estimate unknown nodes positions. Indoor and urban area are built-in floor plan and terrain available in simulator program, while tunnel is designed. In general, localization accuracy suffers from multipath and NLOS condition. This thesis also observes characteristic of them from ray-tracing method perspective. Firstly, important simulation parameters such as number ofreflections/diffractions, types of waveform, and types of antenna are analyzed oneach environments. Then, the models for distance estimation based on RSS and TOA measurements are created using measurements in simulated environments. The thesis proposes four scenarios for distance estimation model. They are line-of-sight (LOS), non-line-of-sight (NLOS), combination of LOS and NLOS, and NLOS with obstacle. All four scenarios models are derived along with model error distribution to observe characteristic of noise due to multipath and NLOS condition. Finally, the localization using only LOS condition measurements, is tested on each environment and compared results in term of accuracy.

The interest of Machine Type Communication (MTC) is increasing and is expected to play an important role in the future network society. In the process of increasing the number of connected devices, the coverage plays an important role. This thesis work aims to study the possibility of supporting coverage limited MTC-devices within LTE by extending the LTE coverage.

It shows that coverage increase by means of repetition is a good candidate, which allows for a significant increase without hardware upgrades at a low cost in terms of radio resources. For inter-site distances up to 2500 m, the proposed repetition scheme with an increase of 20 dB allows for almost complete coverage where today’s LTE have significant lack of coverage. It also shows that even though the increased coverage implies higher resource usage, the limitation is not in the number of users supported, but rather the coverage at longer inter-site distances.

The purpose of this master thesis was to investigate how effiecient the extractionof radiofrequency quality metrics from digital video broadcast (DVB) streamscan become using software defined radio. Software defined radio (SDR) is a fairlynew technology that offers you the possibility of very flexible receivers and transmitters where it is possible to upgrade the modulation and demodulation overtime.

Agama is interested in SDR for use in the Agama Analyzer, a widely deployedmonitoring probe running on top of standard services. Using SDR, Agama coulduse that in all deployments, such as DVB by cable/terrestrial/satellite (DVBC/T/S), which would simplify logistics.

This thesis is an implementation of a SDR to be able to receive DVB-C. TheSDR must perform a number of adaptive algorithms in order to prevent the received symbols from being significantly different from the transmitted ones. Themain parts of the SDR include timing recovery, carrier recovery and equalization.Timing recovery performs synchronization between the transmitted and receivedsymbols and the carrier recovery performs synchronization between the carrierwave of the transmitter and the local oscillator in the receiver. The thesis discusses various methods to perform the different types of synchronizations andequalizations in order to find the most suitable methods.

Localization of individual nodes in a wireless network is useful in many applications, e.g for tracking patients in hospitals. Using the Received Signal Strength Indicator, RSSI, for this purpose has been explored in numerous studies. It is energy efficient and rarely requires customised hardware of configuration. The possibility to use pre-configured, off-the-shelf products is especially important in large scale sensor network deployments. Using RSSI has, however, many drawbacks, since the radio signal is heavily affected by the surrounding envi- ronment. Most studies in this area discuss the impact of multipath effects. Our study on range based distance estimations, using the Telos hardware, shows that individual profiling requirements and antenna quality are equally challenging.

Still, RSSI based indoor localization systems remains an active field of research. A multitude of approaches and algorithms have been proposed to gain accuracy in position estimations. The most common of these techniques are explored in this report. Based on previous work at The Polytechnic University of Catalonia, the Telos hardware has been integrated successfully with existing software to form local wireless sensor networks for indoor localization. We present applications developed on top of TinyOS, an operating system for embedded systems. These applications serve as a platform for related future work at The Polytechnic University of Catalonia and elsewhere. 

The goal of this Master's thesis was to solve resource allocation problems in wireless networks through the implementation of a lightweight simulation platform. The spectrum and power resources of wireless networks have to be efficiently used to accommodate the growing number of wireless terminals and the massive increase of data transferred by their applications. The major problem that needs to be tackled is interference, which significantly limits the performance of wireless systems. In this thesis, the resource allocation of interest was the joint problem of scheduling and power control with Quality of Service (QoS) constraints. The Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR) was used to quantify QoS. This thesis studied the recently proposed mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) formulation of the problem. Due to the scheduling component, the problem is inherently combinatorial and NP-hard, therefore computationally expensive and difficult to solve in tractable time. A simulation platform was implemented in order to automate and facilitate the solving process.As a starting point, wireless channels and channel modeling issues were studied. Then, the platform was implemented to simulate random instances of multi-cellular wireless networks, with several mobile stations per cell, and generate the corresponding channels. Finally, the platform was extended to use the GNU Linear Programming Kit (GLPK) API in order to optimally solve the aforementioned formulated problem for various inputs of generated channels.Tests of the simulation platform were performed to check the consistency of the results. Indeed, the output results satisfied the initial expectations regarding the SINR constraints and the formulation. Moreover, they were produced in reasonable time. An analysis of the output results was presented.This thesis resulted in a configurable and lightweight simulation platform which is able to solve the MILP-formulated resource allocation problem. The simulation platform is basic and does not cover all the aspects of multi-cellular wireless networks and wireless channels. Due to its modularity, it can be extended in a future project.

Indoor positioning is a rapidly growing research area, enabling new innovative location-aware applications and user-oriented services. Location Fingerprinting (LF) is the positioning technique of coupling a physical location with observed radio signal measurements. In the terms of indoor LF using Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) it refers to the use of network measurements from the WLAN Access Points (APs) to tag known locations. A data set is created containing reference fingerprints for the area of interest and is known as a radio map. A radio map can later be used to find a user's location in the area of interest. WLAN infrastructures are vulnerable to many kinds of faults and malicious attacks, including, an attacker jamming the signal from an AP, or an AP becoming unavailable during positioning due to power outage. These faults can be collectively characterized as an AP-failure. In LF positioning systems, AP-failure faults can significantly degrade the performance of a LF system due to the difference between the current fingerprints and radio map created with all APs being available. It is desirable to detect such faulty APs, in order to take actions towards fault-mitigation and restoration, in case of a malicious attack. In this work, we have developed a fault detection algorithm that uses inertial sensors (i.e., accelerometer, magnetometer) available in smartphones to detect AP-failure faults in LF systems. Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) has become an integral part of all high-end smartphones. IMU can be used to infer location information on the smartphone. The main idea is to have two parallel position streams, the LF positioning and the IMU positioning, and to compare the mean positioning error between the two. Since IMU positioning is fairly accurate once provided with starting coordinates, we use it to detect abnormal behaviour in LF positioning system, such as highly erroneous estimates signifying an AP-failure fault present in the system. The performance of the proposed detection algorithm is evaluated with several real-life AP-related faults. The proposed algorithm exhibits low probability of false alarms in the detection of faulty APs. The conclusion is that using IMU based positioning is an effective and robust solution in terms of fault detection in LF systems.

In a wireless network, the medium is a shared resource. The nodes in the network negotiate access of the shared resource using the Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol. The design of a MAC protocol for a sensor node is not the same as that for a wireless transceiver. Due to the transceiver characteristics, the MAC protocol design is limited in terms of medium access methods. However, in most cases, the protocols rely on simple access methods i.e. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) or Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Avoidance (CSMA / CA).

Control and monitoring applications, running over a wireless network, are typical examples of Wireless Sensor Actuator Network (WSAN) application in industries. In an industrial network, the message deliveries must be time-bounded otherwise, they are of no use.

This report aims to present the thesis work carried out at ABB AB, Västerås. The purpose of this thesis was to compare the performance of WLAN and WirelessHART when it comes to control applications. For the purpose of WLAN, the media access schemes are analyzed in terms of deadline misses. There are other metrices for the performance evaluation but our focus was on the latency, since it is very important in the field of industrial automation. NS-2 was used for the purpose of MAC layer analysis and it is also shown that PCF gives better performance as compared to DCF, in terms of deadline misses. Finally, WLAN is proven to accommodate more control loops as compared to WirelessHART for a given scenario. 

Electrical wiring on board aircraft has raised serious weight and safety concerns in the aerospace industry. Wires are antenna. It may also cause interference to radio-based systems on the aircraft, or, in the case of military aircraft, create a "signature" that can be detected by enemy receivers. Wireless application in avionic system helps reducing the total weight and reconfigurable of the aircraft; hence, lower the fuel costs, installation cost and maintenance costs, as well as the “signature” of the aircraft. The focus of this thesis, therefore, is to study the feasibility of different wireless standards, namely Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and ultra-wide band (UWB), on replacing the wired data connection in the EW countermeasure or chaff/flare dispenser systems.

The study was constructed under the supervision of the department of Electronic Defense System, Saab AB in Järfalla, Stockholm. The discussion will be based on the resource availability, the reliability, the stability and the security of the wireless system relative to an avionic application; i.e., whether wireless links will negatively affect the overall reliability and safety of the aircrafts. Due to the theoretical studies and results from the simulation, we studied the feasibility issue and concluded that UWB is the most appropriate choice of wireless communication for non-critical aerospace applications, comparing with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. UWB links can have reasonable immunity to interferences, low interference to other on-board wireless systems, and good security performance.

A Tactical Data Link (TDL) system has been deployed in many military missions as a winning strategy. The performance of a TDL system is governed by the MAC protocol. The MAC protocol that is able to provide more flexibility and high quality of services is more desirable. However, most MAC protocols implemented in current TDL systems are based on a preprogramming TDMA protocol, in which a time slot schedule is fixed. This thesis presents the new self-organized TDMA protocol based on the existing self-organized slot assignment algorithms and the practical military scenarios as the alternative solution to the current preprogramming TDMA protocol. The self-organized TDMA protocol presented in this thesis is based on the Node Activation Polling Access (NAPA), Virtual Slot (VSLOT), and message based slot assignment algorithms. To evaluate the performance of the designed self-organized TDMA protocol over the preprogramming TDMA protocol, the simulation models for both protocols were implemented and simulated with NS-2 under the specific study scenarios. The results show that the self-organized TDMA protocol offers more flexibility and higher performance than the preprogramming TDMA protocol. In addition, the aspects of stability and security for the self-organized TDMA protocol were discussed. The overall conclusion is that the self-organized TDMA protocol could be a viable alternative for a future TDL system.

One technique that is used to reduce the errors brought upon signals, when transmitted over noisy channels, is error control coding. One type of such coding, which has a good performance, is turbo coding. In some of the TMS320C64xTM digital signal processors there is a built in coprocessor that performs turbo decoding.

This thesis is performed on the account of Communication Developments, within Saab AB and presents an evaluation of this coprocessor. The evaluation deals with both the memory consumption as well as the data rate. The result is also compared to an implementation of turbo coding that does not use the coprocessor.

The CPR3 is a handheld radar device. This device is capable of detecting movement through walls and is mainly intended for police and military use. It is equipped with a Bluetooth module that enables remote control. To enhance the mobility of the users that utilize this functionality, a Windows Mobile application is developed. This application is meant to replace the already existing Windows application used for remotely controlling these radar devices. Furthermore, a small evaluation of the framework used for the development of the application is performed.

Also, a theoretical performance analysis is performed on the ZigBee standard. The goal is to find out whether or not ZigBee is a suitable replacement technology for Bluetooth as the primary means of communication within the system.

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is becoming the first choice of operators when constructingthe new network infrastructure, because of its high throughput and lowlatency. Although the LTE can offer high speed data service as a benefit of widebandapplication, the large bandwidth also results in huge control signaling cost.This thesis studies how the available radio resources should be allocated todifferent users for the particular purpose. Three proposals are presented in thisthesis. The first two aim at maximizing the overall net capacity. The factors ofchannel conditions and control signaling cost are considered in the first proposalwhereas power control is supplemented as an additional factor in the second one.The third proposal aims at achieving a tradeoff between subframe efficiency andaverage data rate. Channel conditions and control signaling cost are taken intoconsideration.Resource blocks scheduling under a control signaling cost constraint is feasiblewith the knowledge of the channel condition of users. This is obtained from channelstate information directly. The first proposal studies how this scheduling isdone. The second proposal takes power allocation scheme into account. In termsof computational complexity, the methods of internal water-filling and externalwater-filling are described in the second proposal. The simulation results illustratethat the net capacity in the first proposal can be enhanced by about 5% -60% in the second proposal. The exact percentage of increase depends on differentcontrol signaling penalty.The third proposal discusses how to implement flexible subframe length underthe Rayleigh fading channel condition in the LTE system. The objective is toachieve subframe efficiency as high as possible, while maintaining the maximumaverage data rate. The simulation results illustrate that the optimal subframelength depends on control signaling cost penalty as well as on Doppler frequency.Finally, the fairness of the first proposal is compared with the improved versionsof Round Robin, Dynamic Allocation and Proportional Fair scheduling algorithms.The simulation results show that Round Robin and Dynamic Allocationoutperform the first proposal under a certain condition.

For a long time radio devices have been constructed in hardware with a fixed functionality. This way of constructing radio devices is starting to change with the concept of Software Defined Radio (SDR) evolving. The SDR concept leads to more flexible and long lasting radio devices. In order to make the radio software more standardized and portable, the U.S. military has defined the Software Communication Architecture (SCA). Internal communication within the SCA is done by CORBA, which limit waveforms to be only distributed over CORBA-capable hardware. The U.S. military has defined the Modem Hardware Abstraction Layer(MHAL) to enable distribution over devices not supporting CORBA. This thesis presents an implementation of MHAL and an underlying transport mechanism based on Ethernet. The implementation is done for the OSSIE package. The implementation is evaluated both in terms of real-time and throughput performance. The results show that MHAL achieves good performance, in comparison to CORBA, and can greatly be used to distribute waveforms over both CORBA and non-CORBA capable devices.

New high quality mobile telecommunication services are offered everyday and the demand for higher data rates is continuously increasing. To maximize the uplink throughput in HSPA when transmission is propagated through a dispersive channel causing self-interference, equalizers are used. One interesting solution, where the equalizer and decoder exchange information in an iterative way, for improving the equalizer performance is Turbo equalization.

In this thesis a literature survey has been performed on Turbo equalization methods and a chosen method has been implemented for the uplink HSPA standard to evaluate the performance in heavily dispersive channels. The selected algorithm has been adapted for multiple receiving antennas, oversampled processing and HARQ retransmissions. The results derived from the computer based link simulations show that the implemented algorithm provide a gain of approximately 0.5 dB when performing up to 7 Turbo equalization iterations. Gains up to 1 dB have been obtained by disabling power control, not using retransmission combining and utilizing a single receiver antenna. The algorithm has also been evaluated considering alternative dispersive channels, Log-MAP decoding, different code rates, number of Turbo equalization iterations and number of Turbo decoding iterations.

The simulation results do not motivate a real implementation of the chosen algorithm considering the increased computational complexity and small gain achieved in a full featured receiver system. Further studies are needed before concluding the HSPA uplink Turbo equalization approach.

VDL mode 4 is a digital data link operating in the VHF band, its mainly use is for the aviation industry.VDL4 can as an example provide with positioning data, speed information of aircrafts or vehicles equipped with a VDL4 transponder. A connection between the groundsystem and the airborne system is called a point to point connection, which can be used for various applications. This data link needs to be transferred between groundstations during flights in order maintain the connection, which is called handoff.

The handoff process needs to be quick enough to not drop the link and at the same time a low rate of handoffs is desirable. The data link is regarded as a narrow resource and link management data for handoff is considered as overhead.

This thesis studies how to make the handoff procedure optimal with respect to involved aspects. Previous research of handoff algorithms and models of the VHF-channel are treated. Standardized parameters and procedures in VDL4 and are explored in order to find an optimal solution for the handoff procedure in VDL4.

The studied topics are analyzed and it is concluded to suggest an algorithm based on an adaptive hysteresis including signal quality and positioning data provided in VDL4. Standardized parameters which could be useful in the handoff procedure are commented, since the VDL4 standards are under development.

The use of relays is seen as a promising way to extend cell coverage and increase rates in LTE Advanced networks. Instead of increasing the number of base stations (BS), relays with lower cost could provide similar gains. A relay will have a wireless link to the closest BS as only connection to the core network and will cover areas close to the cell edge or other areas with limited rates.

Performing transmissions in several hops (BS-relay & relay-user) requires more radio resources than using direct transmission. This thesis studies how the available radio resources should be allocated between relays and users in order to maximize throughput and/or fairness. Time and frequency multiplexed backhaul is investigated under a full buffer traffic assumption. It is shown that the system will be backhaul limited and that the two ways of multiplexing will perform equally when maximising throughput and/or fairness. The analysis results in a set of throughput/fairness suboptimal solutions, dependant on how many relays are used per cell. The results are verified by simulations, which also show the limiting effects on throughput caused by interference between relays.

It is also analysed how the resource allocation should be done given non-fullbuffer traffic. A resource allocation that minimises packet delay given a certain number of relays per cell is presented. The analysis is based on queuing theory.

Finally some different schedulers and their suitability for relay networks are discussed. Simulation results are shown, comparing the throughput and fairness of Round Robin, Weighted Round Robin, Proportional Fairness and Weighted Proportional Fairness schemes. It is shown that allocating the resource among the relays according to the number of users served by the relays improves the fairness.

In wireless transmissions the communication is often degraded by random fades, noise and other performance reducing phenomena. One way of improving the stability and reducing the error rates is to use relaying techniques where several nodes cooperate in a transmission between two of them. This thesis analyzes some of the available Decode-and-Forward relaying schemes for wireless transmission. The investigated schemes are conventional repetition coding, partial repetition coding and non-collaborative direct transmission. I have developed a three-node communication system using an audio channel to test the performance of repetition coding and direct transmission. This audio communication system can also be used to demonstrate some basic phenomena in wireless transmissions and how different scenarios change the performance of the communication. A theoretical performance analysis and computer simulations of the schemes performance over a Rayleigh fading channel are done as a basis for comparison. As a result we see that in the audio communication system repetition coding actually degrades the performance, compared to direct transmission, when using a relatively slow data rate in comparison to the speed of the fading in the audio channel.

In todays GSM network more and more interfaces are run over IP instead of classic synchronized networks. This rises new issues to be solved, for example handling of jitter that use of IP networks introduces. The jitter can be handled by a jitter buffer which ensures that the packets are forwarded in evenly spaced intervals.

In GSM, data is requested a certain time in advance before delivery to a cellphone. This "time in advance" needs to be adjusted according to the delay of the channel. For an IP network this delay varies (jitter), which means that it would be beneficial to have an algorithm which continuously adjusts how long in advance the packets should be requested. The adjustment is made according to current channel delay and jitter size.

In this thesis work a model of a general IP network has been developed and isthen used for development of two algorithms for jitter buffer handling. Once the algorithms have been developed they are evaluated and compared to each other and previous solutions to the problem. One of the algorithms is new and the other is an already existing algorithm that has been extended.

The simplified conclusion is that the behaviors of both algorithms are very similar. They mainly have small packet loss but sometimes the packets are requested earlier than needed and therefore are kept in the buffer a bit longer than necessary. When comparing the two developed algorithms with previous solutions it is visible that they improve the buffer handling a great deal.

This report treats detection in IR-pictures taken from airplanes over the ground. The detection is divided in two parts. First there is a detection with filterkernels with the task to point on targets and objects that look like targets. The second part is a discriminator that demands more calculations and has the task to sort out the false alarms from the discriminator. Both the detector and the discriminator contain thresholds thats been trained from trainingsets of data. The results from the detector was better then expected hence it wasn’t possible to test the diskriminator properly.